Colorectal Cancer

Changes that may need medical attention. Symptoms can also be caused by conditions other than cancer.

• A persistent change in bowel habits
• Blood in the stool or rectal bleeding
• Ongoing abdominal discomfort or cramps
• A feeling that the bowel does not empty completely
• Unexplained weight loss
• Persistent tiredness or weakness, sometimes due to anaemia

Factors that may increase the chance of developing this cancer. Having a risk factor does not mean someone will develop cancer.

• Increasing age
• A personal or family history of colorectal cancer or polyps
• Inherited conditions that increase cancer risk
• Inflammatory bowel diseases
• A diet high in processed meat
• Smoking, alcohol use and physical inactivity

Practical steps that may help reduce risk and support overall health.

• Eat a balanced diet rich in vegetables, fruits and whole grains
• Stay physically active
• Maintain a healthy body weight
• Avoid tobacco
• Limit alcohol
• Discuss appropriate screening with a healthcare professional

Tests and examinations that may help detect cancer or precancerous changes.

• Stool-based tests may identify signs that need further investigation.
• Colonoscopy allows a doctor to examine the colon and remove certain polyps.
• Other screening methods may be suitable depending on individual circumstances.
• The recommended starting age and screening interval can vary by country, risk and medical history.

Treatment depends on the cancer type, stage and the person's overall health.

• Surgery
• Chemotherapy
• Radiation therapy, particularly for some rectal cancers
• Targeted therapy
• Immunotherapy in selected cases
• Combined treatment approaches