Prostate Cancer

Changes that may need medical attention. Symptoms can also be caused by conditions other than cancer.

• Difficulty starting or maintaining urination
• A weak or interrupted urine stream
• Frequent urination, particularly at night
• Blood in the urine or semen
• Pain or discomfort in the pelvic area
• Bone pain in some advanced cases

Factors that may increase the chance of developing this cancer. Having a risk factor does not mean someone will develop cancer.

• Increasing age
• A family history of prostate cancer
• Inherited genetic factors
• Certain genetic conditions
• Some population groups have a higher risk of developing prostate cancer

Practical steps that may help reduce risk and support overall health.

• Maintain a balanced diet
• Stay physically active
• Maintain a healthy body weight
• Avoid tobacco
• Discuss family history and personal risk with a healthcare professional
• Make informed decisions about testing with a doctor

Tests and examinations that may help detect cancer or precancerous changes.

• A prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test may help assess risk.
• A digital rectal examination may be considered as part of an assessment.
• Further tests, such as MRI or biopsy, may be recommended depending on the findings.
• PSA testing has benefits and limitations, so screening decisions should be discussed with a healthcare professional.

Treatment depends on the cancer type, stage and the person's overall health.

• Active surveillance for selected low-risk cancers
• Surgery
• Radiation therapy
• Hormone therapy
• Chemotherapy
• Targeted or other specialist treatments in selected cases